MMMLU

Measuring Massive Multitask Language Understanding

Models scored

49

evaluated

Modality

text

Category

general

+3 more

Published

2020

arxiv.org

Citations

8,416

Semantic Scholar

Influential

1,616

citations

References

35

cited works

Venue

International Conference on Learning Representations

published in

Abstract

Dan Hendrycks, Collin Burns, Steven Basart, Andy Zou, et al. (+3)

We propose a new test to measure a text model's multitask accuracy. The test covers 57 tasks including elementary mathematics, US history, computer science, law, and more. To attain high accuracy on this test, models must possess extensive world knowledge and problem solving ability. We find that while most recent models have near random-chance accuracy, the very largest GPT-3 model improves over random chance by almost 20 percentage points on average. However, on every one of the 57 tasks, the best models still need substantial improvements before they can reach expert-level accuracy. Models also have lopsided performance and frequently do not know when they are wrong. Worse, they still have near-random accuracy on some socially important subjects such as morality and law. By comprehensively evaluating the breadth and depth of a model's academic and professional understanding, our test can be used to analyze models across many tasks and to identify important shortcomings.

generallanguagemathreasoning

Search

#ModelLabScore
01Claude Mythos PreviewAnthropic93
02Gemini 3.1 ProGoogle93
03Gemini 3 FlashGoogle92
04Gemini 3 ProGoogle92
05Claude Opus 4.7Anthropic92
06Claude Opus 4.6Anthropic91
07Claude Opus 4.5Anthropic91
08Qwen3.7 MaxAlibaba Cloud / Qwen Team90
09GPT-5.2OpenAI90
10Qwen3.6 PlusAlibaba Cloud / Qwen Team90
11Claude Opus 4.1Anthropic90
12Claude Sonnet 4.6Anthropic89
13Claude Sonnet 4.5Anthropic89
14Qwen3.7-PlusAlibaba Cloud / Qwen Team89
15Gemini 3.1 Flash-LiteGoogle89
16Claude Opus 4Anthropic89
17Qwen3.5-397B-A17BAlibaba Cloud / Qwen Team89
18Gemma 4 31BGoogle88
19o1OpenAI88
20GPT-4.1OpenAI87
21Qwen3.5-122B-A10BAlibaba Cloud / Qwen Team87
22Qwen3 235B A22BAlibaba Cloud / Qwen Team87
23Claude Sonnet 4Anthropic87
24Gemma 4 26B-A4BGoogle86
25Claude 3.7 SonnetAnthropic86
26Qwen3.5-27BAlibaba Cloud / Qwen Team86
27K-EXAONE-236B-A23BLG AI Research86
28Mistral Large 3 (675B Instruct 2512 Eagle)Mistral AI86
29Mistral Large 3 (675B Instruct 2512 NVFP4)Mistral AI86
30Mistral Large 3 (675B Instruct 2512)Mistral AI86
31Mistral Large 3 (675B Base)Mistral AI86
32Qwen3.5-35B-A3BAlibaba Cloud / Qwen Team85
33GPT-4.5OpenAI85
34GPT OSS 120B HighOpenAI84
35Gemma 4 12BGoogle83
36Claude Haiku 4.5Anthropic83
37DiffusionGemma 26B-A4BGoogle82
38GPT-4oOpenAI81
39Qwen3.5-9BAlibaba Cloud / Qwen Team81
40GPT-4.1 miniOpenAI79
41Gemma 4 E4BGoogle77
42Qwen3.5-4BAlibaba Cloud / Qwen Team76
43Mistral Large 3Mistral AI74
44Phi-3.5-MoE-instructMicrosoft70
45Gemma 4 E2BGoogle67
46GPT-4.1 nanoOpenAI67
47Qwen3.5-2BAlibaba Cloud / Qwen Team63
48Phi-3.5-mini-instructMicrosoft55
49Qwen3.5-0.8BAlibaba Cloud / Qwen Team44

49 of 49 models · score normalized 0–100 where available

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