Not-so-supervised: a survey of semi-supervised, multi-instance, and transfer learning in medical image analysis

&NA; Machine learning (ML) algorithms have made a tremendous impact in the field of medical imaging. While medical imaging datasets have been growing in size, a challenge for supervised ML algorithms that is frequently mentioned is the lack of annotated data. As a result, various methods that can learn with less/other types of supervision, have been proposed. We give an overview of semi‐supervised, multiple instance, and transfer learning in medical imaging, both in diagnosis or segmentation tasks. We also discuss connections between these learning scenarios, and opportunities for future research. A dataset with the details of the surveyed papers is available via https://figshare.com/articles/Database_of_surveyed_literature_in_Not‐so‐supervised_a_survey_of_semi‐supervised_multi‐instance_and_transfer_learning_in_medical_image_analysis_/7479416.