Artificial intelligence enables mobile soil analysis for sustainable agriculture

with soil filter function, embedded color reference features for ambient light correction, and QR-encoded data for automated processing through the mobile app. The sensor integrates two colorimetric pH indicators, Bromocresol Green (BCG) and Bromocresol Purple (BCP), for creating pH-specific color output. We have developed artificial intelligence/machine learning (AI/ML) models that transform the color produced by the two indicators as function of pH into soil pH results while correcting for the challenging ambient light conditions in the field. The accessible measurement range the is pH 3-9, with three classes – low (pH 3-3.9), medium pH (pH and high pH 6.4-9). We provide technical details with regards Methods and Supplementary color output raises to above whereas it remains well below 50 away from this value. The results indicate that