Generalized Groves of Neural Additive Models: Pursuing transparent and accurate machine learning models in finance

While machine learning methods have significantly improved model performance over traditional methods, their black-box structure makes it difficult for researchers to interpret results. For highly regulated financial industries, model trans-parency is equally important to accuracy. Without understanding how models work, even highly accurate machine learning methods are unlikely to be accepted. We address this issue by introducing a novel class of transparent machine learning models known as generalized groves of neural additive models. The generalized groves of neural additive models separate features into three categories: linear features, individual nonlinear features, and interacted nonlinear features. Additionally, interactions in the last category are only local. A stepwise selection algorithm distinguishes the linear and nonlinear components, and interacted groups are carefully verified by applying additive separation criteria. Through some empirical examples in finance, we demon-strate that generalized grove of neural additive models exhibit high accuracy and transparency with predominantly linear terms and only sparse nonlinear ones.