VAST: A Vision-Audio-Subtitle-Text Omni-Modality Foundation Model and Dataset

Vision and text have been fully explored in contemporary video-text foundational models, while other modalities such as audio and subtitles in videos have not received sufficient attention. In this paper, we resort to establish connections between multi-modality video tracks, including Vision, Audio, and Subtitle, and Text by exploring an automatically generated large-scale omni-modality video caption dataset called VAST-27M. Specifically, we first collect 27 million open-domain video clips and separately train a vision and an audio captioner to generate vision and audio captions. Then, we employ an off-the-shelf Large Language Model (LLM) to integrate the generated captions, together with subtitles and instructional prompts into omni-modality captions. Based on the proposed VAST-27M dataset, we train an omni-modality video-text foundational model named VAST, which can perceive and process vision, audio, and subtitle modalities from video, and better support various tasks including vision-text, audio-text, and multi-modal video-text tasks (retrieval, captioning and QA). Extensive experiments have been conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed VAST-27M corpus and VAST foundation model. VAST achieves 22 new state-of-the-art results on various cross-modality benchmarks. Code, model and dataset will be released at https://github.com/TXH-mercury/VAST.

Paper

Similar papers

Peer review

Reviewer zFyv3/10 · confidence 4/52023-07-01

Summary

This paper proposes an automatic pipeline to create captions for videos, where multiple modalities are involved in the generation process of the captions. Authors initially train separate audio and video-based captioners. Then, those audiovisual-driven captions, alongside subtitles are restructured into a single caption by prompting a pertained LLM that is responsible for aggregating multiple text/caption sources. Next, such a dataset is used to train a multimodal model capable of addressing a variety of text-to-video/audio retrieval, generation, and question-answering tasks.

Strengths

1. This work confirms that today’s unimodal caption generation models (datasets) are very strong baselines (resources) that diminish the need for a multimodal data collection process which could be costly and non-scaleable, thanks to summarization and aggregation capabilities of the latest LLMs. 2. The downstream experiments are comprehensive and show promising results.

Weaknesses

1. Paper is not easy to follow, especially due to the poor choice of naming for components (i.e features, losses etc) and abbreviations. 2. Paper is highly incremental. It is heavily built on top of numerous existing pertained models and offers almost no technical novelty even in the aggregation step. 3. Authors propose multiple components to the loss function (Eq 1-5). Still, there is almost no discussion on how these different components interact with one another, and impact the quality of learned representations. The experimental section is only focused on downstream tasks and the generated dataset. 4. The dataset generation step is shaped by the power of the pertained models which authors have adopted. They are also combining multiple datasets during pertaining. Hence, outperforming SOTA is not only expected but one wonders whether such comparisons are even fair. At the end of the day, VAST stands on the shoulders of numerous pertained models developed by others.

Questions

1. On OM-VCM: $f_{omv}$ which is fed to the text encoder plays the role of condition, however, a part of $f_{omv}$ is $f_{s}$ which itself is the output of text encoder. I am not quite sure how this makes sense in terms of the space of inputs to the text encoder. The authors should clarify and elaborate. 2. Line 206: what does “we uniformly model the relations of V-T, A-T, VA-T, VS-T, and VAS-T ” mean? 3. Eq 2: why this cannot be captured via contrastive loss? Is it only due to maintaining temporal resolution? If so, authors should try sequences of length 1 which is [cls] token to confirm that. 4. Line 219: using a single video frame is quite strange. Considering the length of video clips (e.g 5-30 seconds for VAST) does it make sense to pick a single frame, especially if we are aiming to create captions for videos? Did authors try more than 1 frame during pertaining to study the effect of such choice? 5. Line 223-224: What is the contribution of VCM. In other words, what if you equally weigh the losses or reverse them, how do results vary?

Rating

3: Reject: For instance, a paper with technical flaws, weak evaluation, inadequate reproducibility and incompletely addressed ethical considerations.

Confidence

4: You are confident in your assessment, but not absolutely certain. It is unlikely, but not impossible, that you did not understand some parts of the submission or that you are unfamiliar with some pieces of related work.

Soundness

2 fair

Presentation

1 poor

Contribution

2 fair

Limitations

This work relies on multiple pretrained models and datasets. The bias-fairness concerns hence scale considerably due to such a design. On top of it is the choice of leveraging LLMs whose hidden biases are not quite yet clear for the research community. This is not to discourage using such models, but I believe authors can further improve the limitation and broader impact section of the paper.

Reviewer hHHX6/10 · confidence 5/52023-07-06

Summary

This paper introduces a large-scale dataset called VAST-27M, which contains audios, videos, subtitles, and generated captions. The authors employ an LLM to combine all forms of textual information to create omni-modality captions. They train an omni-modality video-text foundational model on this dataset. Extensive experiments conducted on various downstream tasks demonstrate the effectiveness of both their dataset and model.

Strengths

- They provide a valuable dataset, and the experiments demonstrate the superiority of this dataset. - The paper is well-written with clear explanations. - The experiments are thorough, including the validation of the methodology, the effectiveness of the dataset, and comprehensive comparisons with the state-of-the-art (SOTA) approaches. - The model achieves state-of-the-art (SOTA) performance on 22 downstream tasks.

Weaknesses

- The authors utilized the Vicuna model instead of ChatGPT, which might have an impact on the quality of the data. Could you provide a comparison of the quality of data generated by ChatGPT and Vicuna? - Why wasn't there consideration for multimodal LLMs like LLaVa or MiniGPT-4, and instead, but using a separate trained captioning model? - The methodology lacks technical contributions and doesn't differ significantly from previous works in terms of model architecture and training. When dealing with multiple forms of text simultaneously, the current models simply aggregate multiple losses, which may not fully leverage the available information.

Questions

I'd like to inquire about the authors' plans for sharing the data and code, including the captioning model, VAST model, and the dataset.

Rating

6: Weak Accept: Technically solid, moderate-to-high impact paper, with no major concerns with respect to evaluation, resources, reproducibility, ethical considerations.

Confidence

5: You are absolutely certain about your assessment. You are very familiar with the related work and checked the math/other details carefully.

Soundness

3 good

Presentation

3 good

Contribution

3 good

Limitations

Yes.

Reviewer v49r5/10 · confidence 4/52023-07-12

Summary

The paper proposed to build a new multi-modal foundation model that includes vision, audio, subtitle and text modalities. The designed architecture of the model is very similar to previous works, such as BLIP. The paper also made another contribution, a new multi-modal video dataset VAST-27M. VAST-27M reuse videos from another dataset HD_VILA_100M. The paper uses off-the-shelf video captioning models and audio captioning models to generate text descriptions for the input video. Large language models are then applied to summarize the text descriptions together with the original subtitles of the video using customized prompts. The paper presents experimental results on 22 downstream datasets to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

Strengths

High-quality pre-training datasets that are openly accessible to the research community is very important for us to experiment with new research ideas and push the research boundaries. The new VAST-27M dataset could be very valuable for researchers working on related topics. The experimental results also demonstrate the advantages of the trained model.

Weaknesses

The following are more detailed comments and suggestions about the paper. 1, What is the difference between subtitles and text? The paper seems to treat them as different modalities. Also does the audio modality already contain all the information from subtitles? 2, Based on the implementation details in Section 5.1, the final model is initialized with other pretrained encoders, and pretrained with lots of other datasets as well. It is not clear how much the improvement is from the proposed VAST-27M dataset. It will be better if the paper can show the difference for with or without using the VAST-27M dataset. This can help us better understand the quality of VAST-27M. 3, How to select a subset of 27M videos from HD_VILA_100M? Please elaborate the details why the paper selected a subset from HD_VILA_100M. 4, In Line 60, why does the cross-attention layer only involve the text modality? Do we have cross-attention between video and audio? 5, The paper seems to use BLIP for vision captioning. Why not use BLIP-2, which can generate better captions? 6, The overall design of the learning objectives is very similar to BLIP, which also uses three losses, i.e., Image-Text Contrastive Loss (ITC), Image-Text Matching Loss (ITM), and Language Modeling Loss (LM). The novelty of the proposed learning framework seems to be very limited. 7, All the captions from VAST-27M are generated by models. Does the paper look into the bias of the used models and their generated captions? Will they limit the quality of the dataset? 8, A lot of details in the paper are similar to reference [7]. It is unclear what is the real contribution of the current submission. Many sections are very similar to [7]. I recommend clarifying the difference with [7], e.g., what are the contributions from the current submission, what has been done in [7].

Questions

See above.

Rating

5: Borderline accept: Technically solid paper where reasons to accept outweigh reasons to reject, e.g., limited evaluation. Please use sparingly.

Confidence

4: You are confident in your assessment, but not absolutely certain. It is unlikely, but not impossible, that you did not understand some parts of the submission or that you are unfamiliar with some pieces of related work.

Soundness

3 good

Presentation

2 fair

Contribution

3 good

Limitations

See above.

Authorsrebuttal2023-08-21

Dear reviewer, there is not so much time left for the discussion stage, if you still have questions about our work, please let us know and we will reply as soon as possible, thanks for your effort and time! Author

Reviewer 1sdZ5/10 · confidence 5/52023-07-14

Summary

This paper proposes a large-scale omni-modality video caption dataset based on an existing video-text dataset, namely VAST-27M. Specifically, the authors utilized the VL models to generate captions and LLM to generate omni-captions for videos. Then a vision-audio-subtitle-text model is trained for a range of video tasks and establishes SOTA in several benchmarks.

Strengths

The paper is clearly written and easy to read. The idea of combining text, video, and audio in one caption is interesting and novel. I believe this will contribute to the multimodal learning community. The performances over a wide range of video-language-audio tasks are strong.

Weaknesses

1. Despite the dataset contribution, the technical contribution of the pre-training model is somewhat weak and lacks novelty. 2. I am confused by some details in the approach. (1) In Lines 185-186, why do you need to feed the caption tokens again instead of using the textual embeddings from the text encoder above? (2) In OM-VCG, do you use the masking strategy like BERT or generative training like GPT? Based on my understanding, you are adopting the former one, for which I think the name of “video caption generation loss” is improper, masking language modeling (MLM) may be better. 3. Although the experimental results are very strong, I am unsure where the performance gain comes from. Several points that might be attributed to this are not discussed. (1) Combination of different datasets. The model combines several different datasets, including VAST-27M while the dataset scale is not compared with SOTA methods. (2) Strong backbones. As indicated in Line 213, EVAClip-ViT-G is adopted as a visual backbone which is different from SOTA models, which makes the comparison in Table 3 unfair. (3) More modalities. Although Table 7 provides an extensive comparison of using different modalities, there are no results that could be directly compared in Table 3 for a fair comparison. 4. Some details are missing. (1) How do you select the 27M video clips from 100M clips in HD-VILA-100M? What is the selection standard? (2) Do you use audio in the HD-VILA-100M dataset for audio captioning and as input for the audio encoder? It is not clearly explained in the paper. (3) How do you sample frames in videos and how do you deal with video embedding from frame features in ViT (i.e., how to get f_v)? By Meanpooling? 5. Lack of discussion on related works. As an extension of HD-VILA, CLIP-ViP used an off-the-shelf image captioner to generate captions for the HD-VILA-100M dataset. The authors should also compare that one and your advantage over CLIP-ViP. It seems that only audio information is not used in the CLIP-ViP model. 6. It would be helpful to show some examples in the dataset for illustration. 7. Some typos: Row 1 in Table 5.

Questions

Please see the weakness part.

Rating

5: Borderline accept: Technically solid paper where reasons to accept outweigh reasons to reject, e.g., limited evaluation. Please use sparingly.

Confidence

5: You are absolutely certain about your assessment. You are very familiar with the related work and checked the math/other details carefully.

Soundness

3 good

Presentation

3 good

Contribution

3 good

Limitations

The authors have addressed the scale limitation of the current dataset. It would be great if they could share more insights into the potential limitations of using their dataset and model, such as biases it could contain.

Reviewer 1sdZ2023-08-17

Response to rebuttal

Thanks for the authors' comments. I will keep my score.

Authorsrebuttal2023-08-21

Dear reviewer, Thanks for the reconition of our work, and also the effort and time you have paid serving as a reviewer! Author

Area Chair upaY2023-08-18

Dear Reviewer zFyv, Thanks for your service as a reviewer and your response to the authors' rebuttal. However, the response to the author rebuttal does not describe how the authors did not resolve your concerns. If there are some elements that you think the authors should have done to resolve your concerns, please tell them as soon as possible. The authors probably can provide more information to rebut further. Best, AC

Authorsrebuttal2023-08-19

A complaint to Reviewer zFyv

Dear AC, Thanks for your attention to our paper. Here we would like to make a complaint against **reviewer zFyv** for his/her extreme irresponsible review. We argue his/her professionalism from the following three perspectives. (1)First, **limited paper reading capability**. He/her reviewed in weakness1 that “paper is not easy to follow”. We think this review is not appropriate due to that **two other reviewers have explicitly reviewed that our paper is easy to follow**. For example, reviewer 1sdz has reviewed that “**The paper is clearly written and easy to read**” and reviewer hHHx has reviewed that “**the paper is well-written with clear explanations**.” So we think probably reviewer zFyv himself/herself dose not have enough paper reading capability and patience. (2)Second, **absurd judgement about “incremental”**. He/Her reviewed in weakness2 and weakness4 that ”Paper is highly incremental”, for the reason that “model have been heavily built on top of numerous existing pertained models” or ”VAST stands on the shoulders of numerous pertained models developed by others”. + The whole VAST model or trained vision/audio captioners only takes **three** current models (BERT for text, CLIP for vision and BEATs for audio) for single-modality encoder initialization, which is exaggerated by him/her with words **“heavily”** and **“numerous”**. In addition, those three models we take are very common and used by lots of cross-modality researchers. As stated in our rebuttal to him/her for weakness2, cross-modality pretraining which is the theme of our paper concentrate more on multi-modal connections training instead of single-modality representation training. Using those weights as initialization can be a good start point letting model focus on cross-modality learning, which is also high-efficiency especially for researchers with limited computation source. + According to his/her standard to infer if a work is “incremental”, he/her can **reject any paper** even without reading rather than those 1) who happenedly researches image classification, action recognition, audio recognition. 2) who has enough computation source to train all things from scratch (such as CLIP, CoCa). So the review process will be extreme easy that we get a paper, and we directly look into the implement details, and if we successfully find that current work does not belong to above two classes, we just tag it as “incremental” and give a reject score. + The contribution of VAST modal and VAST-27M dataset has been illustrated in main paper as well as in [common question 1] in our global rebuttal, and also **recognized by all other reviewers**. For example, reviewer v49r reviewed that ”The new VAST-27M dataset could be very valuable for researchers working on related topics. The experimental results also demonstrate the advantages of the trained model“. Reviewer hHHX reviewed that ”I recognize the contributions of the paper, especially the dataset”. Reviewer “1sdZ” reviewed that "The idea of combining text, video, and audio in one caption is interesting and novel. I believe this will contribute to the multimodal learning community.“ In addition, all reviewer think that the performances of VAST on series of benchmarks are strong. (3) Third, **unfamiliar with cross-modality pretraining’s common objectives**. Two questions (Q2 and Q5) proposed by him/her concentrate on contrastive and matching loss, which are two extreme common losses widely used in cross-modality pretraining field for relatively a long time. VAST uses them to strengthen both coarse-grained and fine-grained alignment. In Q2, he asks the necessity of matching loss and in q5 he asks what if ratio of two losses are 1:1, however, the ratio of two losses are just 1:1 as shown in Eq4 of the main paper. Those questions reflect that he/her **has not read paper carefully** and is also **not familiar with the basic knowledge of cross-modality pretraining**. (4) Fourth, **invaluable feedback**. We sincerely thanks for NIPS that support a discussion period that let authors and reviewers communicate to each other. The authors have **carefully answered his all questions and shown many additional experiment results in the rebuttal stages**. However, as you commented, he/she commented with simply “maintain my original rating” without any reason or further questions. In a word, we think it is not appropriate to give a 3 score reject rating to our paper with such subjective reasons (individually fell not easy to read / individually feel incremental), and we think reviewer zFyv is not professional enough to serve as a reviewer. We sincerely hope AC could judge this paper and reviewer zFyv ’s review fairly, thanks very much! Best, Author

Reviewer hHHX2023-08-18

The author's reply solved my concerns and I recognize the contributions of the paper, especially the dataset.

Authorsrebuttal2023-08-21

Dear reviewer, Thanks for the reconition of our work, and also the effort and time you have paid serving as a reviewer! Author

Reviewer v49r2023-08-21

Thank the authors for answering my questions during rebuttal. Some of my questions have been clarified by the authors. However, I am still skeptical about weakness 4 and weakness 8. In weakness 4, ignoring the audio and video in cross attention is not well justified, as the paper claims to be Omni-Modality Foundation Models. For weakness 8, the contributions of the current submission are limited if we consider reference [7] as pre-exist works.

Authorsrebuttal2023-08-22

Dear reviewer, Thanks for your reply! Due to that in this work we mainly focus on cross-modality semantic understanding and generation tasks which take language as output interface such as retrieval, captioning and question answering, regarding model architecture design we simply take language as the query while vision, audio and subtitle as key for cross-attenion mechnism in text encoder. In the future work, we will improve the foudation model to additionally support visual/audio/audiovisual grounding tasks, like moment retrieval or text-conditioned highligt detection. To support those tasks, a cross attention inferface for audio or vision may be needed, or we can simply follow DETR to initailize a series of learnable tokens that concatenate with text tokens, and predict locations at the output of those learnable tokens. Thanks for your valuable advice! In addition, our work has big differnece with VALOR. First, with regards to the dataset, VAST-27M is a **auto-generated** dataset which is **27 times larger than VALOR-1M**, which is a manual annotated dataset. With regards to the foundation model, as illustrated in the global rebuttal **[common question 1]**, VALOR can be categoried in the first class which models vision, language and **audio** jointly (e.g. AVLNet, i-Code, VALOR , ECLIPSE). There is another series of works that model vision,language and **subtitle** jointly (UniVL, MELTR). VAST for the first time **unifies both two series of works and support all of tasks that each of them can support**. In addition, VAST achieves 22 new state-of-the-arts results, and **surpasses VALOR on all tasks that VALOR has evaluated on**, with huge margins. Best, Author

Program Chairsdecision2023-09-21

Decision

Accept (poster)

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