Bridging Generative and Discriminative Noisy-Label Learning via Direction-Agnostic EM Formulation

Although noisy-label learning is often approached with discriminative methods for simplicity and speed, generative modeling offers a principled alternative by capturing the joint mechanism that produces features, clean labels, and corrupted observations. However, prior work typically (i) introduces extra latent variables and heavy image generators that bias training toward reconstruction, (ii) fixes a single data-generating direction (Y →X or X →Y), limiting adaptability, and (iii) assumes a uniform prior over clean labels, ignoring instance-level uncertainty. Here, we propose a single-stage, EM-style framework for generative noisy-label learning that is direction-agnostic and avoids explicit image synthesis. First, we derive a single Expectation Maximization (EM) objective whose E-step specializes to either causal orientation without changing the overall optimization objective. Second, we replace the intractable p(X | Y) with a dataset-normalized discriminative proxy computed using a discriminative classifier on the finite training set, retaining the structural benefits of generative modeling at much lower cost. Third, we introduce Partial-Label Supervision (PLS), an instance specific prior over clean labels that balances coverage and uncertainty, improving data-dependent regularization. Across standard vision and natural language processing (NLP) noisy label benchmarks, our method achieves state-of-the-art accuracy, lower transition-matrix estimation error, and substantially less training computation than current generative and discriminative baselines. Code: https://github.com/lfb-1/GNL.