HERMES: temporal-coHERent long-forM understanding with Episodes and Semantics

We appreciate the reviewer's careful reading and constructive feedback. We address each concern below: ### Reply to: Figure 1 Misleading/Overstated We understand your concern about Figure 1, as we know any attempt to directly map neural networks to human's understanding of episodes and semantics is bound to be flawed. Our focus is on semantics and episodes mainly at the video level. To demonstrate this, we've prepared visualizations showing how our model develops meaningful semantic and episodic understanding. These demonstrations are not far from what we present in Figure 1 but we will revise the figure to better reflect this concrete evidence. Sample video: https://gifyu.com/image/SGhZw - Our episodic representations capture coherent temporal narratives: * Sequential bird flight patterns: https://gifyu.com/image/SGhY4 * Landscape evolution over time: https://gifyu.com/image/SGhY6 - Our semantic representations extract persistent themes: * Consistent scene elements: Land (https://gifyu.com/image/SGhrs) * Recurring object patterns: Birds (https://gifyu.com/image/SGhrp), Lizard (https://gifyu.com/image/SGhrL) ### Reply to: Distinction from ToMe We acknowledge that our semantic retriever shares some implementation-level similarities with ToMe (such as the use of cosine similarity as basis for frame/token reduction). However, there are three key differences: - **SeTR and ToMe operate at different levels.** SeTR merge frames in video sequences, while ToMe merges tokens within individual frames. - **Grouping Strategy.** We partition tokens into k-sized groups and merge k-1 tokens with a target token. This contrasts with ToMe's matching between two equal sets, which always splits tokens into even/odd pairs. - **Merging.** ToMe performs pairwise merging with a maximum reduction of 50% of tokens, while we allow for variable-sized group merging for greater flexibility in controlling the granularity of semantic preservation (we compress 80% of the frames in our implementation) ### Reply to: Recent Benchmarks We appreciate the pointer to recent benchmarks. Our current implementation focuses on training-free improvements through ECO and SeTR modules, making them accessible to researchers with limited computational resources. Our approach shows: - Strong performance on MovieChat-1k (non-MCQ format), and three other traditional long-form video recognition benchmarks - Significant improvements when integrated with existing models (Table 7) - Potential for integration with newer backbones The current benchmark selection reflects our use of an image-only pretrained backbone (BLIP-2) which did not undergo the many pretraining stages of recent video models. For a fair comparison, we will: 1. Port ECO and SeTR to newer models 2. Report performance on suggested benchmarks (VideoMME, MLVU, LongVideoBench...) [3] uses an 8.3B LLM making it not fairly comparable with our model. Also, they perform video pretraining on much larger datasets. Thank you for helping us improve the paper. we would value any additional thoughts or feedback.

We sincerely thank the reviewer for their thorough assessment and constructive feedback. We are pleased that you recognize the novelty and technical merit of our approach. We address your specific points below: ### Generalizability to Other Models You raise an excellent point about demonstrating ECO and SeTR's broader applicability. While Table 7 shows initial evidence of successful integration with MA-LMM (improving its performance by 3.8% and reducing latency by 43%), we acknowledge this could be more comprehensive. For the camera-ready version, we will: - Demonstrate integration with 2-3 additional video-language models - Provide implementation guidelines for adapting ECO+SeTR to different architectures - Include computational overhead analysis across different integrations ### Failure Cases Analysis Thank you for this valuable suggestion. We have already added failure case analysis of our model in the Appendix (A.6 and Figure 12). We will add further analysis with more granular cases such as: 1. Complex temporal reasoning where episodic compression loses critical details 2. Cases where semantic retrieval focuses on irrelevant themes 3. Scenarios requiring fine-grained visual understanding For example, we observed performance degradation in: - Videos with rapid scene changes where ECO struggles to maintain temporal coherence - Cases requiring detailed spatial relationship understanding - Situations with subtle but important background context ### Related Work Integration We appreciate the pointer to these significant works. We have expanded our related work section to include: - TDN's temporal difference networks approach and how it relates to our episodic compression - EAN's event adaptation strategy and its connection to our semantic retrieval mechanism - The relationship between our semantic condensing and the low-bitrate understanding framework from [3] We are grateful for your detailed review and look forward to incorporating these improvements in the next version. Given your expertise in this area, we would value any additional thoughts or feedback on our work. Thank you.

Thank you for your thoughtful review and insightful questions. We appreciate the opportunity to clarify HERMES's architecture choice, provide more visualizations, and better position our work. ### Reply to: *The architecture design cannot reflect the authors' analysis of episodic and semantic memory. Simply using QFormer or token merging strategies can compress video tokens, but is not sufficient to construct the structural memory.* We agree that any attempt to map the human cognitive processes to neural network design or frameworks are bound to be a simplification of how the former really works, and our work is not exempt. However we want to argue that our modules are close-enough abstractions of what we know about how humans understand the surrounding world or specific scenes (Please refer to the Appendix A.7 for more on our take on that). Specifically: - The ECO module implements an abstraction of episodic memory by aggregating temporally-related scenes while preserving their sequential relationships - mimicking how human episodic memory consolidates sequential experiences. ECO module identifies and groups related temporal segments while maintaining their chronological structure. - SeTR implements semantic memory by extracting high-level concepts that persist throughout the video, similar to how humans abstract general themes from specific experiences. - These two components work in tandem, just as human episodic and semantic systems interact, with ECO handling event sequences and SeTR managing thematic understanding. ### Reply to: *Also, the authors are expected to show some visualizations of the token merging in semantic retrieval to show the structure of the semantic memory compression.* We appreciate the suggestion regarding visualizations of semantics and episodes. We provide visualizations of episodes and semantics extracted by ECO and SeTR, respectively, from a sample video (https://gifyu.com/image/SGhZw) * Episode capturing the flies: https://gifyu.com/image/SGhYV * Episode capturing the landscape: https://gifyu.com/image/SGhY6 * Episode capturing flying birds: https://gifyu.com/image/SGhY4 * Semantic representation of the land: https://gifyu.com/image/SGhrs * Semantic representation of the lizard: https://gifyu.com/image/SGhrL * Semantic representation of the birds: https://gifyu.com/image/SGhrp We will add these visualizations in the revised version of our paper to help the reader better understand how HERMES maintains coherent episodic and semantic representations while reducing dimensionality. ### Reply to: *The results on more recent long video benchmarks, e.g., VideoMME, MLVU, LVBench, etc, are desired.* We appreciate the reviewers' suggestions regarding newer benchmarks. We want to clarify important context about our work's positioning and contributions: 1. Focus on Resource Efficiency: - Our work mainly targets training-free improvements through ECO and SeTR modules - These modules provide significant gains without requiring expensive pretraining or massive compute resources (which we don't have) - This approach makes our contribution accessible to broader research community as they can be used as inexpensive plug-ins - Table 7 demonstrates this: substantial improvements to MA-LMM through plug-and-play integration 2. Benchmark Selection Rationale: - Our current backbone (BLIP-2) was pretrained on images only and on much smaller datasets than the most recent video-language models. This makes HERMES more suitable for traditional video benchmarks (LVU, Breakfast, COIN), especially for fully-supervised tasks - We have strong results (zero-shot and fully-supervised) on MovieChat-1k which shows our modules' effectiveness even with a simpler backbone. Datasets such as VideoMME, MLVU and LVBench are mostly MCQs and zero-shot only, therefore our backbone is not suitable for them. We recognize that this is a weakness of our model, and we are working on addressing it. 3. How do we address it? - We designed ECO and SeTR to be model-agnostic (we showed a glimpse of that in Table 7) - For camera-ready, we will demonstrate portability to newer models and test them on VideoMME, MLVU and LVBench. Such integration will address the backbone weakness we talked about earlier and showcase our modules' value as universal improvements to video-language models. We look forward to your feedback and are happy to provide any additional information or analyses that would be helpful in your evaluation. Thank you.

Thank you for your thoughtful review and insightful questions. We appreciate the opportunity to clarify HERMES's unique contributions and address your concerns. ## Memory Management Differences between HERMES, MA-LMM and MovieChat - HERMES versus MA-LMM: For each incoming frame, MA-LMM adds it to the memory bank by computing the similarities with adjacent frames and merging the incoming frame with its most similar in the memory bank. Below are our main differences. * **HERMES takes a distributed approach**. Our ECO, distributes the frames of the incoming window to the most appropriate episode. This approach is more intuitive and better mirrors human memory formation: - Frames can be grouped into episodes regardless of temporal adjacency - This naturally handles scene transitions, flashbacks, and non-linear narratives * **HERMES is vastly more efficient and accurate**. As shown in Table 7 in the paper, our memory management system almost halves the inference time (-43%) when plugged into MA-LMM while being 3.4% more accurate. * **HERMES also captures semantics**. Our Semantics Retriever (SeTR) complements the episodic memory and is shown (in Table 7) to increase the accuracy of MA-LMM by almost 4% with only a negligible increase in latency. - HERMES versus MovieChat: Moviechat's short-term memory uses a FIFO mechanism. Its long-term memory uses ToMe. Below are the main differences * **HERMES has episodes** instead of a short term memory, and our update approach is based on similarity to a certain existing episode instead of FIFO. As shown in Table 4 of the paper, FIFO's performance is inferior to ECO. * **HERMES's long-term memory is implicitly encoded** in ECO. We consider SeTR as a semantics scanner that retrieves scattered semantics from the video. * **22 FPS processing speed** compared to MovieChat's ~0.01 FPS (1 day vs. 13 minutes on MovieChat-1k) using a V100 GPU (32 GB). * Uses only 100 frames vs MovieChat's 2048 frames (detailed analysis as to why in Appendix A.4.1) ## Evaluation Methodology Clarification We follow standard evaluation protocols for each dataset: - LVU, Breakfast, COIN: Top-1 accuracy - MovieChat-1k: GPT-assisted scores ## Symbol Clarification We thank you for catching the \(F_w\) inconsistency. We have revised the notation: - Line 208: "Upon receiving a window of frame features, \(F_w\), ..." - Line 222: "\(F_w\) represents the incoming window of frame features..." ## (Extra) Visualizing Episodes and Semantics We provide visualizations of episodes and semantics extracted by ECO and SeTR respectively from a sample video (https://gifyu.com/image/SGhZw) * Episode capturing the flies: https://gifyu.com/image/SGhYV * Episode capturing the landscape: https://gifyu.com/image/SGhY6 * Episode capturing flying birds: https://gifyu.com/image/SGhY4 * Semantic representation of the land: https://gifyu.com/image/SGhrs * Semantic representation of the lizard: https://gifyu.com/image/SGhrL * Semantic representation of the birds: https://gifyu.com/image/SGhrp Given HERMES's significant efficiency gains and novel architectural approach, we believe it represents more than an incremental advancement. We look forward to your feedback and are happy to provide any additional information or analyses that would be helpful in your evaluation. Thank you.

In light of our response addressing your specific concerns and demonstrated commitment to improving the work, we respectfully request a reconsideration of the initial score, given the following improvements: - Demonstrated performance gains and efficiency improvements - Demonstrated Distinctions from Existing Works - Our clarifications about the methodology - Changes to the manuscript addressing the notation inconsistency If any remaining uncertainties persist, we are prepared to: - Provide additional clarifications - Conduct supplementary experiments - Discuss any nuanced technical aspects you find intriguing or require further elaboration We appreciate your time, thoroughness, and the opportunity to improve our work through this discussion.