Efficient Graph Matching for Correlated Stochastic Block Models

We study learning problems on correlated stochastic block models with two balanced communities. Our main result gives the first efficient algorithm for graph matching in this setting. In the most interesting regime where the average degree is logarithmic in the number of vertices, this algorithm correctly matches all but a vanishing fraction of vertices with high probability, whenever the edge correlation parameter $s$ satisfies $s^2 > α\approx 0.338$, where $α$ is Otter's tree-counting constant. Moreover, we extend this to an efficient algorithm for exact graph matching whenever this is information-theoretically possible, positively resolving an open problem of Rácz and Sridhar (NeurIPS 2021). Our algorithm generalizes the recent breakthrough work of Mao, Wu, Xu, and Yu (STOC 2023), which is based on centered subgraph counts of a large family of trees termed chandeliers. A major technical challenge that we overcome is dealing with the additional estimation errors that are necessarily present due to the fact that, in relevant parameter regimes, the latent community partition cannot be exactly recovered from a single graph. As an application of our results, we give an efficient algorithm for exact community recovery using multiple correlated graphs in parameter regimes where it is information-theoretically impossible to do so using just a single graph.

Paper

Similar papers

Peer review

Reviewer PrRf6/10 · confidence 2/52024-07-09

Summary

In this paper, the authors tackle two related problems: graph matching and community recovery of correlated balanced SBM under the logarithmic average degree regime. The authors extend proofs from the ER model for similar tasks and overcome the difficulties in the proofs raised by working with the SBM model. The main two theorems are: (1) for correlation levels above a certain threshold, almost exact and exact graph matching are possible, and (2), again, for correlation levels above a certain threshold, community recovery is possible.

Strengths

I liked the paper's presentation in general. The problem setting is well described, and the motivation is clear. The major strenght is the theoretical result (Theorem 1, and Theorem 2 as an application of Thm1). It is important and is a nontrivial generalization of the ER case for 2-class SBMs.

Weaknesses

The weakness I see is not of the paper itself but more of the paper-conference combination. The strengths of the paper, as stated above, are the two theoretical results. But the 9-page paper ONLY includes the statements of these results and some ideas about the proofs. I found it very very nice, well motivated, etc. But I cannot review a ~70-page paper in all detail like it deserves. Not for a conference. I can see this as a beatuiful journal paper, where a reviewer can spend some months to study the paper like it deserves.

Questions

There are some verbs missing in several sentences, and other grammatical or spelling errors (for instance in Erdos). I suggest a profound check on the writing. I think the other comment (about the suitability of this paper for a conference) is not something the authors could change in the rebuttal phase.

Rating

6

Confidence

2

Soundness

3

Presentation

3

Contribution

4

Limitations

The authors claim to address the limitations in Section 7. However, this section is more of a "future work" section (as it is named). It's true that every possible line of future work is a limitation of the present paper, but it's not presented in this way, and no other limitations are discussed.

Reviewer 9uZn6/10 · confidence 4/52024-07-10

Summary

The text presents progress in solving learning conditions within correlated stochastic block models with two balanced communities. The main result is the creation of the first efficient algorithm for graph matching. This algorithm works well when the average degree is logarithmic in the number of vertices and can accurately match nearly all vertices with high probability if the edge correlation parameter $ s $ satisfies $ s^2 \geq \alpha + \epsilon$, with $\alpha $ being Otter's tree-counting constant. The algorithm is extended to achieve exact graph matching, solving an open problem posed by Rácz and Sridhar; 2021. This new algorithm generalizes recent work by Mao, Wu, Xu, and Yu (STOC 2023), which relies on centered subgraph counts of structures called chandeliers. A key challenge addressed is managing estimation errors since the latent community partition cannot be perfectly recovered from a single graph in certain parameter regimes. The findings also lead to an efficient algorithm for exact community recovery using multiple correlated graphs, even in cases where it is impossible with just a single graph.

Strengths

The paper has several interesting points. First, the paper deals with an important problem in graph mining, namely, graph matching in correlated SBM with two balanced communities. % The proposed solution is based on probabilistic bounds based on well-established works applied to SBM with a logarithmic average degree. % The paper also discusses an example of community recovery on CSBMs in polytime.

Weaknesses

The paper is highly theoretical and, as such, most limitations are associated with this. For instance, it does not incorporate simulations as a sanity check of the proofs which could be useful to illustrate not only the usefulness of the theorems for graph matching but also the assumptions. A minor weakness in this regard is that although the introduction indicates the assumptions for which the framework is developed, e.g., the level of sparsity and logarithmic average degree, it could be useful to discuss the implications on highly dense graphs when the parameters are the complement of the SBM parameters p,q.

Questions

How differentiated the SBM model has to be from an ER model to effectively achieve exact and almost exact matching if $s^2>\alpha$?

Rating

6

Confidence

4

Soundness

3

Presentation

3

Contribution

3

Limitations

The discussion section indicates some of the limitations of the work including the lack of runtime analysis, and that the condition $s^2>\alpha$ is believed to be necessary but that is not proven in this paper.

Reviewer xbYm6/10 · confidence 2/52024-07-13

Summary

The paper extends graph matching from correlated Erdos Reyni graphs to correlated SBM graphs. To do so, they apply the recent breakthrough work of Mao, Wu, Xu, and Yu (STOC 2023) for ER graphs, which are based on counting a special kind of graph called chandeliers. A prerequisite for this method is to be able to center the graph. The primary challenge is that SBM graphs a graph cannot be easily centered (as the intra and inter-community edges have different means). To this end, they first apply a weak-community recovery approach to get a rough estimate of the communities in the different graphs. Then, they use this information to get a match. As an application, they show efficient community recovery given multiple correlated SBM graphs in a regime where recovery is information-theoretically impossible given only one graph (This also shows that the approach is interesting, as they use a rough community recovery on individual graphs to obtain a matching, which in turn leads to a complete community recovery using the graphs collectively). This is the first efficient algorithm for this problem.

Strengths

This technically involved paper extends work on graph matching for correlated ER graphs to (in my understanding, a restricted version of) correlated SBM graphs. The key technical difficulty seems to be that the results for the ER graphs require centralization of the adjacency matrix, which is not directly possible in SBM graphs. To solve this, the paper first obtains a rough estimate of the communities in the graph. Then, it shows that they are able to obtain a matching using the resultant centralization (which may not be completely correct).

Weaknesses

1. The definition of correlated SBM seems a special case of the usual definition of correlated graphs in the ER model. Specifically, the authors assume that the non-edges of the first graph also remain non-edges in the second graph. 2. The paper does not contain any simulation results. Implementing this algorithm and applying it to SBM graphs should not be hard.

Questions

It would be great if the authors could comment on the aforementioned weaknesses.

Rating

6

Confidence

2

Soundness

3

Presentation

3

Contribution

3

Limitations

The authors have adequately addressed the limitations.

Reviewer K4575/10 · confidence 3/52024-07-13

Summary

The author(s) consider graph matching and community recovery on correlated stochastic block models. In the stochastic block model (SBM) the algorithm's input is a graph G generated by first partitioning vertices into two equal size clusters and then adding every intra-cluster edge with probability p and every inter-cluster edge with probability q, independently. In the correlated version onG_ f irst samples a graph G from the SBM, and then takes two independent edge samplings of G, referred to as G_1 and G_2 -- these are the input of the algorithm (with randomly permuted vertices). Thus, the correlated SBM setting generalizes the more basic correlated Erdos-Renyi setting, in which there is only one community (or, one can think of p=q). In the latter setting the objective is graph matching. In the more general setting of correlated SBMs the objective function is community recovery, but graph matching is a natural sub-objective along the way, as it is quite reasonable to match G_1 to G_2 first, and then use the improved edge density for community detection. A strong recent result of Mao et al (STOC'23) established a tight threshold for reconstruction in the correlated Erdos-Renyi setting, and provided a polynomial time algorithm in the regime where matching is possible. The present paper basically ports the techiques of Mao et al from the correlated Erdos-Renyi to the correlated SBM setting. Specifically, they develop technical tools for using Chandelier counts, which underly the result of Mao et al, in the SBM setting.

Strengths

The correlated SBM model is a very natural setting to study, and some of the author(s)' results are tight.

Weaknesses

There is a number of lower level technical challenges that stem from the need of extending an Erdos-Renyi result to the SBM setting, but the most conceptual one appears to be the fact that when using partial matching results to perform community recovery on the union of the two graphs, one needs to handle errors that come from the non-exact matching. This, while definitely an interesting technical challenge, does not seem sufficiently compelling as a conceptual one.

Questions

None.

Rating

5

Confidence

3

Soundness

3

Presentation

3

Contribution

2

Limitations

None.

Reviewer Nbs57/10 · confidence 4/52024-07-27

Summary

The paper under revision addresses the problem of graph matching and community recovery in correlated stochastic block models (SBM) with two balanced communities. In particular, it studies the regime where the vertices of the parent graph have a logarithmic average degree, considering the within-community edge probability to be $a\frac{\log n}{n}$ and between-community edge probability to be $b\frac{\log n}{n}$. The edge correlation parameter is equal to $s$. Regarding graph matching, they proved in Theorem 1 the existence of a polynomial-time algorithm that can achieve both almost exact and exact matching. Almost exact matching is achieved when the square of the edge correlation is greater than Otter’s tree counting constant ($s^2 > \alpha$). To obtain exact matching, an additional condition is necessary, namely $s^2(a+b)/2 > 1$. This result extends known results on almost exact and exact matching for correlated Erd\H{o}s--Rényi graphs obtained in Mao et al. (2023). It corroborates the previous work by Racz & Sridhar (2021), which determined that exact matching in correlated SBM is only achieved when $s^2(a+b)/2 > 1$. In the context of community detection, Theorem 2 of the manuscript states that exact community recovery in correlated SBM is achieved by a polynomial-time algorithm when \( s^2 > \alpha \), and it satisfies the information-theoretic threshold for community recovery in correlated SBM established by Racz & Sridhar (2021). The authors provide a brief description of the polynomial-time algorithm in Section 5 and a more detailed explanation in Appendix C. In this way, one of the main contributions of this work is to propose an efficient algorithm for graph matching for correlated SBM. In terms of the algorithm itself, it is structured by first applying a community detection algorithm proposed by Mossel et al. (2015) to each of the graphs to ensure exact recovery of the communities. Then, an adaptation of the algorithm proposed by Mao et al. (2023) for correlated Erdős–Rényi graphs, based on rooted trees known as chandeliers, is applied. The manuscript combines established ideas from previous works, specifically integrating the concepts from Racz & Sridhar (2021) and Mao et al. (2023) to develop a polynomial-time algorithm for graph matching in correlated SBM. The manuscript is well-structured and provides detailed explanations of the algorithms, results and their connections to related works. References: Mao, Cheng, Wu, Yihong, Xu, Jiaming, & Yu, Sophie H. 2023. Random graph matching at Otter’s threshold via counting chandeliers. Pages 1345–1356 of: Proceedings of the 55th Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing. Mossel, Elchanan, Neeman, Joe, & Sly, Allan. 2015. Consistency thresholds for the planted bisection model. Pages 69–75 of: Proceedings of the forty-seventh annual ACM symposium on Theory of computing. Racz, Miklos, & Sridhar, Anirudh. 2021. Correlated stochastic block models: Exact graph matching with applications to recovering communities. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 34, 22259–22273.

Strengths

The manuscript combines established ideas from previous works, specifically integrating the concepts from Racz & Sridhar (2021) and Mao et al. (2023) to develop a polynomial-time algorithm for graph matching in correlated SBM. The manuscript is well-structured and provides detailed explanations of the algorithms, results, and their connections to related works.

Weaknesses

X

Questions

X

Rating

7

Confidence

4

Soundness

4

Presentation

4

Contribution

4

Limitations

X

Reviewer xbYm2024-08-11

I thank the authors for their response, and shall keep my score unchanged. Best wishes.

Reviewer K4572024-08-12

Thank you for the response.

Reviewer PrRf2024-08-13

Thank you for the answer. I really hope to see this paper published somewhere :)

Program Chairsdecision2024-09-25

Decision

Accept (poster)

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