The discovery of topological materials is severely hampered by fragmented research workflows that cause information loss, inconsistent reasoning, and frequent computational failures. To overcome these barriers, we present TopoMAS, an interactive multi‐agent framework that unifies the entire discovery pipeline through human–AI collaborative intelligence. TopoMAS seamlessly integrates natural language processing, knowledge retrieval from literature and databases, crystal structure generation, and automated first‐principles validation. At its core, is a multi‐level reasoning and coordination mechanism coupled with a self‐refining knowledge graph. This architecture enhances query understanding and ensures computational robustness by adaptively allocating tasks, monitoring execution, and recovering from failures. In collaboration with human experts, TopoMAS has accelerated the identification of candidate topological phases and successfully guided the discovery of new materials. Benchmark evaluations show that TopoMAS's coordinated intelligence enables smaller, more efficient models to rival or even surpass the performance of substantially larger counterparts at a fraction of the computational cost. Ultimately, TopoMAS offers not only a powerful accelerator for materials research but also a transferable blueprint for building next‐generation, AI‐augmented discovery platforms across scientific disciplines.