We study the recently introduced Busemann subgradient method due to Goodwin, Lewis, Nicolae and López-Acedo, extending it to minimize the mean of a stochastic function over general Hadamard spaces. We prove a strong convergence theorem under a local compactness assumption and further prove weak ergodic convergence of the method over Hadamard spaces satisfying condition $(\overline{Q}_4)$, a slight extension of the $(Q_4)$ condition of Kirk and Payanak, which in particular includes Hilbert spaces, $\mathbb{R}$-trees and spaces of constant curvature. The proof is based on a general (weak) convergence theorem for stochastic processes in Hadamard spaces which confine to a stochastic variant of quasi-Fejér monotonicity, together with a nonlinear variant of Pettis' theorem, which are of independent interest. Lastly, we provide a strong convergence result under a strong convexity assumption, and in that case in particular derive explicit rates of convergence.