In this paper, we propose a descent method for composite optimization problems with linear operators. Specifically, we first design a structure-exploiting preconditioner tailored to the linear operator so that the resulting preconditioned proximal subproblem admits a closed-form solution through its dual formulation. However, such a structure-driven preconditioner may be poorly aligned with the local curvature of the smooth component, which can lead to slow practical convergence. To address this issue, we develop a subspace proximal Newton framework that incorporates curvature information within a low-dimensional subspace. At each iteration, the search direction is obtained by minimizing a proximal Newton model restricted to a two-dimensional subspace spanned by the current preconditioned proximal gradient direction and a momentum direction derived from the previous iterate. By orthogonalizing the subspace basis with respect to the local Hessian-induced metric, the solution of the original coupled two-dimensional nonsmooth subproblem can be well approximated by solving two decoupled one-dimensional subproblems, while keeping the per-iteration computational cost low. We establish global convergence of the proposed method and prove a $Q$-linear convergence rate under strong convexity. Comparative numerical experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm on ill-conditioned problems.