Towards Reliable Statistical Guarantees for LLM Alignment Evaluation

As Large Language Models (LLMs) become increasingly embedded in critical domains such as healthcare, education, and public services, ensuring their alignment with human values and intentions is of paramount importance. Misalignment in these contexts can lead to significant harm, underscoring the urgent need for rigorous, interpretable, and actionable evaluation methods. This paper provides a critical examination of the current landscape of LLM alignment evaluation, with a particular focus on statistical guarantees in human annotation-based and LLM-based approaches. We identify key limitations in existing methodologies and advocate for the development of more transparent, interpretable, and adaptable frameworks for alignment guarantees. At the heart of our inquiry are two foundational questions: What constitutes a transparent foundation for alignment guarantees? And how can such guarantees be made operational and responsive to real-world conditions? We conclude by outlining future directions for designing alignment guarantee frameworks that are not only technically sound and transparent, but also socially attuned and practically adaptable.