Artificial Intelligence: A New Tool for Public Health

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is reshaping the global health landscape by introducing advanced computational tools capable of analyzing complex and large-scale health data. In public health, AI is increasingly used for disease surveillance, predictive modeling, health system optimization, environmental monitoring, and behavioral interventions. This multidisciplinary review critically examines the conceptual foundations, applications, benefits, limitations, and ethical implications of AI integration into public health systems. The article synthesizes evidence from global health literature, highlighting both technological promise and governance challenges. While AI enables precision public health and data-driven policymaking, it simultaneously raises concerns related to privacy, equity, algorithmic bias, accountability, and sustainability. A balanced and ethically guided approach is essential to ensure that AI strengthens health systems without widening existing disparities. This paper argues that AI should function as a complementary analytical tool rather than a replacement for public health expertise. Through interdisciplinary collaboration and responsible governance, AI has the potential to transform population health management in the coming decades.