Systematic Governance of Safety Risks in Intelligent Connected Vehicles: An Analytical Framework Based on a Multi-Dimensional Complex System Model

With the deep integration of artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things, and communication technologies, intelligent vehicles have evolved into highly complex “mobile intelligent agents,” whose safety risks exhibit systemic, dynamic, and ubiquitous characteristics. This paper proposes a multi-dimensional complex system model for intelligent vehicle safety risks, decomposing such risks into four nested layers: the core hardware layer, endogenous risk layer, interactive ecosystem layer, and governance environment layer. By analyzing the coupling relationships and dynamic transmission mechanisms among these risks, this study reveals the mutual amplification effects of four major risks (algorithm, data, cybersecurity, and human-machine interaction) within the integrated “vehicle-road-cloud” system. Research shows that traditional single-point, static regulatory paradigms can no longer address the complex safety challenges of intelligent vehicles. Based on this, this paper constructs a systematic governance framework of “technology-institution” synergy, proposing that adaptive reforms to the governance system should be advanced from three dimensions: regulatory technology, legal standards, and collaborative mechanisms. This study provides a systematic theoretical analytical framework for understanding the essential characteristics of intelligent vehicle safety risks and building a governance system adapted to the digital and intelligent era.