Fine-grained Image Classification by Exploring Bipartite-Graph Labels

Systems and methods are disclosed for deep learning and classifying images of objects by receiving images of objects for training or classification of the objects; producing fine-grained labels of the objects; providing object images to a multi-class convolutional neural network (CNN) having a softmax layer and a final fully connected layer to explicitly model bipartite-graph labels (BGLs); and optimizing the CNN with global back-propagation.