Determining Application Security and Correctness using Machine Learning Based Clustering and Similarity

A computing system includes persistent storage configured to store representations of software applications installed on computing devices, and a software application configured to perform operations, including retrieving, from the persistent storage, a first plurality of representations of a first plurality of software applications installed on a particular computing device and a second plurality of representations of a second plurality of software applications installed on a reference computing device. The operations also include determining a device fingerprint of the particular computing device based on the first plurality of representations and a reference device fingerprint of the reference computing device based on the second plurality of representations, and comparing the device fingerprint to the reference device fingerprint. The operations further include, based on the comparing, determining a disparity between software applications installed on the particular computing device and the reference computing device, and storing, in the persistent storage, a representation of the disparity.