Self-Supervised Traversability Learning with Online Prototype Adaptation for Off-Road Autonomous Driving

Achieving reliable and safe autonomous driving in off-road environments requires accurate and efficient terrain traversability analysis. However, this task faces several challenges, including the scarcity of large-scale datasets tailored for off-road scenarios, the high cost and potential errors of manual annotation, the stringent real-time requirements of motion planning, and the limited computational power of onboard units. To address these challenges, this letter proposes a novel traversability learning method that leverages self-supervised learning, eliminating the need for manual annotation. We adopt bird's-eye view (BEV) as the input representation to better support ego-centric coordinate representation and integration with motion planning. During vehicle operation, the proposed method conducts online analysis of traversed regions and dynamically updates prototypes to adaptively assess the traversability of the current environment, effectively handling dynamic scene changes. We evaluate our approach against state-of-the-art benchmarks on both public datasets and our own dataset, covering diverse seasons and geographical locations. Experimental results demonstrate that our method achieves superior performance over recent approaches in terms of Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve (AUROC), Average Precision (AP), and F1-score. Additionally, real-world vehicle experiments show that our method operates at 10 Hz, while a 5.5 km autonomous driving experiment further validates the generated traversability cost map's compatibility with downstream motion planning.