Determining Bidding Strategies

Methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on a computer storage medium, for determining bidding strategies. A method includes: identifying a campaign including one or more selection criteria and associated bids; determining a value associated with a user event associated with presentation of a campaign content item; determining one or more predicted future events based on the selection criteria and historical data; determining aggregate values based on the determined predicted future events, using the value and hypothetical bid changes; determining an interaction rate associated with the content item and a cost per event; determining a plurality of bidding strategies for the campaign, each reflecting a change in a bid associated with one or more selection criteria that optimizes the content sponsor's value; and presenting the plurality of bidding strategies to the content sponsor.